High-Performance, Low-Complexity Deadlock Avoidance for Arbitrary Topologies/Routings

Recently, the use of graph-based network topologies has been proposed as an alternative to traditional networks such as tori or fat-trees due to their very good topological characteristics. However they pose practical implementation challenges such as the lack of deadlock avoidance strategies. Previous proposals are either exceedingly complex, underutilise network resources or lack flexibility. We propose- and prove formally- three generic, low-complexity dead-lock avoidance mechanisms that only require local information. The main strengths of our method are its topology- and routing- independence and that the virtual channel count is bounded by the length of the longest path. We evaluate our proposed mechanisms against previous proposals through an extensive simulation study to measure the impact on the performance using both synthetic and realistic traffic. First we compare against a well-known HPC mechanism for dragonfly and achieved similar performance level. Then we moved to Graph-based networks and show that our mechanisms can greatly outperform traditional, spanning-tree based mechanisms, even if these use a much larger number of virtual channels. Overall, we find that our proposal provides a simple, flexible and high performance deadlock-avoidance solution

Designing an Exascale Interconnect using Multi-objective Optimization

Exascale performance will be delivered by systems composed of millions of interconnected computing cores. The way these computing elements are connected with each other (network topology) has a strong impact on many performance characteristics. In this work we propose a multi-objective optimizationbased framework to explore possible network topologies to be implemented in the EU-funded ExaNeSt project. The modular design of this system’s interconnect provides great flexibility to design topologies optimized for specific performance targets such as communications locality, fault tolerance or energyconsumption. The generation procedure of the topologies is formulated as a three-objective optimization problem (minimizing some topological characteristics) where solutions are searched using evolutionary techniques. The analysis of the results, carried out using simulation, shows that the topologies meet the required performance objectives. In addition, a comparison with a well-known topology reveals that the generated solutions can provide better topological characteristics and also higher performance for parallel applications

Enabling Shared Memory Communication in Networks of MPSoCs

Ongoing transistor scaling and the growing complexity of embedded system designs has led to the rise of MPSoCs (Multi‐Processor System‐on‐Chip), combining multiple hard‐core CPUs and accelerators (FPGA, GPU) on the same physical die. These devices are of great interest to the supercomputing community, who are increasingly reliant on heterogeneity to achieve power and performance goals in these closing stages of the race to exascale. In this paper, we present a network interface architecture and networking infrastructure, designed to sit inside the FPGA fabric of a cutting‐edge MPSoC device, enabling networks of these devices to communicate within both a distributed and shared memory context, with reduced need for costly software networking system calls. We will present our implementation and prototype system and discuss the main design decisions relevant to the use of the Xilinx Zynq Ultrascale+, a state‐of‐the‐art MPSoC, and the challenges to be overcome given the device's limitations and constraints. We demonstrate the working prototype system connecting two MPSoCs, with communication between processor and remote memory region and accelerator. We then discuss the limitations of the current implementation and highlight areas of improvement to make this solution production‐ready

Pancreatic collision tumor : mucinous cystadenoma and clear cell renal cell carcinoma metastasis

We present a clinical, radiological, surgical, and pathological correlation case of a 49-year-old woman with a prior nephrectomy due to a clear cell renal cell carcinoma, who was then diagnosed with a multilocular cystic lesion in the pancreatic tail after a routine ultrasound. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography showed a multilocular cystic lesion with a hypervascular wall nodule in the pancreas. The patient underwent a distal pancreatectomy and had a final diagnosis of pancreatic mucinous cystadenoma with an associated component of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (collision tumor of the pancreas)

Cobrindo falhas permanentes em Redes intrachip usando técnicas adaptativas nos roteadores em um nível de projeto e em um nível de algoritmo

Hoje em dia, as redes intra chip (NoC) são cada vez mais utilizadas como uma arquitetura de comunicação alternativa para sistemas complexos, pois estas permitem flexibilidade e desempenho da comunicação. Porém, o grande número de interconexões da rede, aliado à diminuição das dimensões dos transistores fabricados nas tecnologias nanométricas, fazem com que a NoC possa ter um grande número de falhas durante sua fabricação, ou por desgaste durante sua vida útil. Sabe-se que, em futuras tecnologias os circuitos integrados terão uma taxa de falhas permanentes de 20 a 30%. Entretanto, mesmo na presença de falhas, é desejável que a NoC permaneça funcionando corretamente. A partir do diagnóstico das falhas, a NoC deve ser capaz de buscar alternativas para manter a comunicação entre os núcleos, evitando os canais e os roteadores com falhas. O objetivo deste trabalho é propor mecanismos adaptativos de proteção contra falhas permanentes. Mesmo quando são adicionados componentes extras para a substituição em SoCs, a ocorrência de falhas permanentes na rede intrachip impede a substituição ou reparo de um componente no sistema intrachip. Portanto a tolerância a falhas na NoC será crucial para reduzir custo de manufatura, e aumentar o rendimento e o tempo de vida do circuito integrado. O mecanismo proposto é capaz de evitar falhas sabendo anteriormente, na fase de teste e diagnóstico, a localização especifica da falha. Portanto, as técnicas se adaptam em cada roteador para evitar as falhas permanentes, sempre buscando manter desempenho, aumentar o rendimento e a confiabilidade do sistema.Nowadays, networks-on-chip (NoCs) have been used as an alternative communication architecture inside complex system on-chip. They offer better scalability and performance than the traditional bus. However, the growing number of interconnects that have to be inserted using smaller transistors means that NoCs have a growing number of faults, either from manufacturing or due to aging. In future systems-on-chip (SoCs), the fault rate will be around 20 to 30% of the contact and transistors of integrated circuits. Therefore, even in the presence of a fault, it is still desirable that NoCs properly work. The main idea of this work is to implement adaptive mechanisms to protect NoCs against permanent faults. The main advantage of such mechanism is to manage failures based on data from the testing and diagnosing phase. The mechanisms are adapted in each router in order to sustain performance, increasing the system yield and reliability even in the presence of failures. Even if one adds extra blocks for replacement, the occurrence of permanent faults in a NoC might preclude the replacement or repair of a faulty component within the SoC. In such case, fault-tolerant NoCs are able to reduce manufacturing costs, increase yield and the lifetime of the chip

Cobrindo falhas permanentes em Redes intrachip usando técnicas adaptativas nos roteadores em um nível de projeto e em um nível de algoritmo

Hoje em dia, as redes intra chip (NoC) são cada vez mais utilizadas como uma arquitetura de comunicação alternativa para sistemas complexos, pois estas permitem flexibilidade e desempenho da comunicação. Porém, o grande número de interconexões da rede, aliado à diminuição das dimensões dos transistores fabricados nas tecnologias nanométricas, fazem com que a NoC possa ter um grande número de falhas durante sua fabricação, ou por desgaste durante sua vida útil. Sabe-se que, em futuras tecnologias os circuitos integrados terão uma taxa de falhas permanentes de 20 a 30%. Entretanto, mesmo na presença de falhas, é desejável que a NoC permaneça funcionando corretamente. A partir do diagnóstico das falhas, a NoC deve ser capaz de buscar alternativas para manter a comunicação entre os núcleos, evitando os canais e os roteadores com falhas. O objetivo deste trabalho é propor mecanismos adaptativos de proteção contra falhas permanentes. Mesmo quando são adicionados componentes extras para a substituição em SoCs, a ocorrência de falhas permanentes na rede intrachip impede a substituição ou reparo de um componente no sistema intrachip. Portanto a tolerância a falhas na NoC será crucial para reduzir custo de manufatura, e aumentar o rendimento e o tempo de vida do circuito integrado. O mecanismo proposto é capaz de evitar falhas sabendo anteriormente, na fase de teste e diagnóstico, a localização especifica da falha. Portanto, as técnicas se adaptam em cada roteador para evitar as falhas permanentes, sempre buscando manter desempenho, aumentar o rendimento e a confiabilidade do sistema.Nowadays, networks-on-chip (NoCs) have been used as an alternative communication architecture inside complex system on-chip. They offer better scalability and performance than the traditional bus. However, the growing number of interconnects that have to be inserted using smaller transistors means that NoCs have a growing number of faults, either from manufacturing or due to aging. In future systems-on-chip (SoCs), the fault rate will be around 20 to 30% of the contact and transistors of integrated circuits. Therefore, even in the presence of a fault, it is still desirable that NoCs properly work. The main idea of this work is to implement adaptive mechanisms to protect NoCs against permanent faults. The main advantage of such mechanism is to manage failures based on data from the testing and diagnosing phase. The mechanisms are adapted in each router in order to sustain performance, increasing the system yield and reliability even in the presence of failures. Even if one adds extra blocks for replacement, the occurrence of permanent faults in a NoC might preclude the replacement or repair of a faulty component within the SoC. In such case, fault-tolerant NoCs are able to reduce manufacturing costs, increase yield and the lifetime of the chip